Linguistics writing Essay

Education is the capacity to peruse and write[1]. The powerlessness to do so is called ignorance or analphabetism. Visual education remembers for expansion the capacity to comprehend visual types of correspondence, for example, body language,[2] pictures, maps, and video. Advancing meanings of proficiency regularly incorporate all the image frameworks applicable to a specific network. Education envelops a mind boggling set of capacities to comprehend and utilize the prevailing image frameworks of a culture for individual and network advancement. In an innovative society, the idea of education is growing to incorporate the media and electronic content, notwithstanding alphabetic and number frameworks. These capacities change in various social and social settings as per need, request and training. The essential feeling of education despite everything speaks to the long lasting, scholarly procedure of increasing importance from a basic understanding of the composed or printed text. Key to all education is understanding turn of events, a movement of aptitudes that starts with the capacity to comprehend verbally expressed words and interpret composed words, and finishes in the profound comprehension of text. Perusing improvement includes a scope of complex language underpinnings including consciousness of discourse sounds (phonology), spelling designs (orthography), word meaning (semantics), punctuation (linguistic structure) and examples of word arrangement (morphology), all of which give a fundamental stage to understanding familiarity and cognizance. When these aptitudes are obtained the peruser can achieve full language education, which incorporates the capacities to move toward printed material with basic examination, deduction and combination; to compose with precision and lucidness; and to utilize data and experiences from text as the reason for educated choices and innovative idea. [3] The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) characterizes proficiency as the â€Å"ability to distinguish, comprehend, decipher, make, convey and process, utilizing printed and composed materials related with differing settings. Proficiency includes a continuum of learning in empowering people to accomplish their objectives, to build up their insight and potential, and to take part completely in their locale and more extensive society. â€Å"[4]Literacy is the capacity to peruse and write[1]. The failure to do so is called absence of education or analphabetism. Visual education remembers for expansion the capacity to comprehend visual types of correspondence, for example, body language,[2] pictures, maps, and video. Advancing meanings of education frequently incorporate all the image frameworks applicable to a specific network. Proficiency includes a mind boggling set of capacities to comprehend and utilize the predominant image frameworks of a culture for individual and network advancement. In an innovative society, the idea of proficiency is extending to incorporate the media and electronic content, notwithstanding alphabetic and number frameworks. These capacities shift in various social and social settings as indicated by need, request and training. The essential feeling of education despite everything speaks to the long lasting, scholarly procedure of increasing significance from a basic understanding of the composed or printed text. Key to all education is understanding turn of events, a movement of aptitudes that starts with the capacity to comprehend expressed words and disentangle composed words, and comes full circle in the profound comprehension of text. Perusing advancement includes a scope of complex language underpinnings including attention to discourse sounds (phonology), spelling designs (orthography), word meaning (semantics), punctuation (sentence structure) and examples of word development (morphology), all of which give a fundamental stage to understanding familiarity and cognizance. When these aptitudes are procured the peruser can accomplish full language proficiency, which incorporates the capacities to move toward printed material with basic examination, derivation and amalgamation; to compose with precision and intelligence; and to utilize data and bits of knowledge from text as the reason for educated choices and inventive idea. [3] The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) characterizes proficiency as the â€Å"ability to distinguish, comprehend, decipher, make, convey and process, utilizing printed and composed materials related with differing settings. Proficiency includes a continuum of learning in empowering people to accomplish their objectives, to build up their insight and potential, and to partake completely in their locale and more extensive society. â€Å"[4] Literacy is the capacity to peruse and write[1]. The failure to do so is called absence of education or analphabetism. Visual proficiency remembers for expansion the capacity to comprehend visual types of correspondence, for example, body language,[2] pictures, maps, and video. Developing meanings of education regularly incorporate all the image frameworks pertinent to a specific network. Proficiency incorporates a mind boggling set of capacities to comprehend and utilize the predominant image frameworks of a culture for individual and network improvement. In an innovative society, the idea of proficiency is extending to incorporate the media and electronic content, notwithstanding alphabetic and number frameworks. These capacities shift in various social and social settings as indicated by need, request and instruction. The essential feeling of proficiency despite everything speaks to the deep rooted, scholarly procedure of increasing significance from a basic translation of the composed or printed text. Key to all proficiency is understanding turn of events, a movement of aptitudes that starts with the capacity to comprehend verbally expressed words and disentangle composed words, and comes full circle in the profound comprehension of text. Perusing advancement includes a scope of complex language underpinnings including familiarity with discourse sounds (phonology), spelling designs (orthography), word meaning (semantics), sentence structure (punctuation) and examples of word development (morphology), all of which give an important stage to understanding familiarity and appreciation. When these aptitudes are gained the peruser can accomplish full language proficiency, which incorporates the capacities to move toward printed material with basic investigation, deduction and blend; to compose with exactness and soundness; and to utilize data and experiences from text as the reason for educated choices and imaginative idea. [3] The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) characterizes proficiency as the â€Å"ability to distinguish, comprehend, decipher, make, convey and process, utilizing printed and composed materials related with differing settings. Proficiency includes a continuum of learning in empowering people to accomplish their objectives, to build up their insight and potential, and to take an interest completely in their locale and more extensive society. â€Å"[4] Literacy is the capacity to peruse and write[1]. The failure to do so is called lack of education or analphabetism. Visual proficiency remembers for expansion the capacity to comprehend visual types of correspondence, for example, body language,[2] pictures, maps, and video. Advancing meanings of education frequently incorporate all the image frameworks pertinent to a specific network. Proficiency incorporates an unpredictable arrangement of capacities to comprehend and utilize the prevailing image frameworks of a culture for individual and network improvement. In a mechanical society, the idea of proficiency is growing to incorporate the media and electronic content, notwithstanding alphabetic and number frameworks. These capacities fluctuate in various social and social settings as per need, request and training. The essential feeling of proficiency despite everything speaks to the deep rooted, scholarly procedure of increasing importance from a basic understanding of the composed or printed text. Key to all education is understanding turn of events, a movement of aptitudes that starts with the capacity to comprehend verbally expressed words and decipher composed words, and finishes in the profound comprehension of text. Perusing improvement includes a scope of complex language underpinnings including attention to discourse sounds (phonology), spelling designs (orthography), word meaning (semantics), sentence structure (linguistic structure) and examples of word arrangement (morphology), all of which give a fundamental stage to understanding familiarity and appreciation. When these aptitudes are procured the peruser can achieve full language proficiency, which incorporates the capacities to move toward printed material with basic investigation, induction and union; to compose with exactness and intelligibility; and to utilize data and bits of knowledge from text as the reason for educated choices and inventive idea. [3] The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) characterizes proficiency as the â€Å"ability to distinguish, comprehend, decipher, make, impart and process, utilizing printed and composed materials related with changing settings. Proficiency includes a continuum of learning in empowering people to accomplish their objectives, to build up their insight and potential, and to take an interest completely in their locale and more extensive society. â€Å"[4]

Shakespeares Comedy Vs. Tragedy Essays - , Term Papers

Shakespeare's Comedy versus Disaster Certain equals can be drawn between William Shakespeare's plays, A Midsummer Night's Dream, and Romeo and Juliet. These matches concern topics and prototypical Shakespearian character types. The two plays have an unmistakable pair of ?darlings', Hermia and Lysander, and Romeo and Juliet, separately. The two plays could have likewise handily been disaster or parody with a couple of basic changes. A lamentable play is a play wherein at least one characters is has an ethical imperfection that prompts his/her destruction. A comedic play has in any event one hilarious character, and a fruitful or cheerful consummation. Looking at these two plays is helpful to discover how Shakespeare utilizes comparable character types in an assortment of plays, and the flexibility of the subjects which he employments. In Romeo and Juliet, Juliet is youthful, not yet fourteen, what's more, she is lovely, and Romeo's response after he sees her is, O, she doth show the lights to consume brilliant! It appears she hangs upon the cheek of night As a rich gem in an Ethiop's ear Magnificence to rich for use, for the earth excessively dear! Juliet is additionally reasonable, In spite of the fact that I euphoria in thee, I have no satisfaction in this contract today. It is excessively careless, excessively unadvised, excessively abrupt. She feels that since they have quite recently met, they ought to go without sexual intercourse. Hermia is additionally youthful, and reasonable. At the point when Lysander recommends that One turf will fill in as a pad for the two of us, One heart, one bed, two chests, and one troth, Hermia answers Nay, great Lysander. For my purpose, my dear, Lie further off yet; don't lie so approach. Although this couple has known each other for some time (Romeo and Juliet knew each other for one night when the above statement was spoken), Hermia too avoids in any event, resting close to Lysander despite the fact that she accepts he doesn't have debased expectations. Romeo's and Juliet's families are fighting. On account of these fights, their own folks won't permit the sweethearts to see one another. In the a differnet way Hermia isn't permitted to wed Lysander. Hermia's dad Egeus says to Theseus, Duke of Athens, Loaded with vexation come I, with grumbling Against my kid, my little girl Hermia. Stand fourth, Demetrius. My respectable master, This man hath my agree to wed her. Stand forward, Lysander. Also, my thoughtful Duke, This man hath beguiled the chest of my kid. Egeus tells the Duke that his little girl can wed Demetrius, not Lysander. Hermia answers . . . In the event that I will not marry Demetrius, Egeus answers Either incredible demise, or to renounce for ever the general public of men. If Hermia conflicts with her dad's desires, and marries Lysander, she will either be killed, or be compelled to turn into a pious devotee. The two sets of sweethearts additionally look for help from another. Juliet and Romeo look for Friar Lawrence, and Lysander and Hermia look for Lysander's auntie, who lives in the forested areas close to Athens. The two arrangements of young people have a similar character type. They are youthful, their adoration is denied, the two ladies are reasonable, and both look for the assistance of a grown-up. However they have their inconspicuous contrasts. For model, Lysander, never referenced an adoration Hermia. Romeo cherished Rosaline, before he adored Juliet. Hermia's family and Lysander's family were not quarreling, though the Montagues' and Capulets' feude was integral to the plot of the play. The tales of Romeo and Juliet and A Midsummer Night's Dream are totally different be that as it may. A Midsummer Night's Dream is a satire. Oberon, lord of the pixies, sends a fiendish devil named, Puck, to pull a prank on the sovereign of the pixies, Titania, and on a pair of Athenian youth. Puck transforms Nick Bottom's head into that of an ass (Nick Bottom is the man in the play creation inside A Midsummer Night's Dream; he attempted to have each influence), and places a herb on Titania that makes her go gaga for him. This is very comical. Be that as it may, toward the finish of the play all the couples are back together, with the ones they love. Therefore Lysander and Hermia do get hitched. On the off chance that Egeus had appeared at the wedding, he could have slaughtered

From Englightenment to Romantisicm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

From Englightenment to Romantisicm - Essay Example Mozart’s oeuvre frequently centers around these subjects †he reformed conventional shows by making an individual from the serving class the legend of one of his artful culminations in â€Å"Le Nozze di Figaro†, where the well known figure of Figaro (a hair stylist) triumphs over his social bosses due to his higher virtues, and due to his mind. The play by Beaumarchais on which the show lyrics was based was restricted in Vienna in the occasions not long before the French Revolution, as the substance was regarded excessively incendiary. The show â€Å"Don Giovanni† stays right up 'til the present time one of the regularly performed dramas around the world. This paper will clarify the specific interest this drama despite everything holds today by showing the multifaceted nature of two of the principle characters of the lyrics, Leporello, Don Giovanni’s valet, and Don Ottavio, the fiancã © of Donna Anna, one of the ladies Don Giovanni attempted to tempt. As in the comic drama â€Å"Le Nozze di Figaro† Mozart and Da Ponte sketch a two-level society and the characters in Don Giovanni are either individuals from the privileged or the serving class involved hirelings and laborers. Once more, virtues are not indistinguishable with class and rank, yet low ethics can be found in the gentry (Don Giovanni) and high ethics can be found in the laborer class (Zerlina, Masetto). Leporello seems, by all accounts, to be his very own instance - in the principal Act we discover Leporello in the nursery possessed by the Commendatore while his lord, Don Giovanni, is endeavoring to allure Donna Anna, the Commendatore’s girl and fiancã ©e of Don Ottavio. Leporello, albeit an unwavering hireling, is disappointed with his work and with his lord. He gripes that he is kept occupied day and night, as communicated in his aria â€Å"Notte e giorno faticar† which could be interpreted as â€Å"day and late evening only work†. The near ness to his lord and the information he has in this manner assembled about his master’s life

Walt Whitman’s Song of Myself and Alice Fulton’s You Can’t Rhumboogie i

Walt Whitman’s Song of Myself and Alice Fulton’s You Can’t Rhumboogie in a Ball and Chain At the point when I read verse, I regularly will in general take a gander at its importance and second at how it is composed, or its structure. The slip-up I make when I do this is in expecting that the two are discrete, when, truth be told, regularly the significance of verse is upheld or even characterized by its structure. I will talk about two sonnets that typify this nearby association among importance and structure in their focal utilization of symbolism and redundancy. One is a tribute to Janis Joplin, written in 1983 by Alice Fulton, entitled â€Å"You Can’t Rhumboogie in a Ball and Chain.† The second is a segment from Walt Whitman’s 1,336-line perfect work of art, â€Å"Song of Myself,† first distributed in 1855. The symbolism in every sonnet varies in reason and impact, and the rhythms, however made through reiteration in the two sonnets, are very unique also. As I arrive at the finish of every sonnet, be that as it may, I am left with an amazing human nearness waiting in the words. In Fulton’s sonnet, that nearness is the live-hard beyond words Janis Joplin; in Whitman’s sonnet, the nearness made is a part of the writer himself. Alice Fulton’s current sestina â€Å"You Can’t Rhumboogie in a Ball and Chain† discovers solidarity in the redundancy of comparable pictures all through the shut structure sonnet. These pictures hold together to make a one of a kind and upsetting image of the youthful stone symbol Janis Joplin. Tended to legitimately to Joplin, the sonnet carefully follows the sestina structure: six-line refrains, trailed by a three-line â€Å"envoy.† The particular element of the sestina is that a similar six words finish up the lines of each verse, essentially changing request as indicated by a set example starting with one verse then onto the next. I envision that to compose a sestina, the writer... ...he sonnet around a solitary figure: Fulton puts Joplin at the focal point of her sonnet, while Whitman’s beautiful world is drawn around and even inside himself. Both catch crude subtleties of human life and wretchedness in their symbolism. Both use redundancy to characterize an unpredictable yet conspicuous mood. However the two sonnets beat out their rhythms in particular and absolutely various measures, leaving me with two amazing figures, made by the poems’ structures, which have their own motivation and structure in the bigger world past verse. Works Cited Fulton, Alice. â€Å"You Can’t Rhumboogie in a Ball and Chain.† Approaching Poetry: Perspectives and Responses. Ed. Diminish Schakel and Jack Ridl. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997. 128-29. Whitman, Walt. â€Å"Song of Myself.† 1855 ed. Walt Whitman’s â€Å"Song of Myself.† Edwin Haviland Miller. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1989. 9-11.

Transition temperatures in toughness Research Paper

Progress temperatures in durability - Research Paper Example This technique utilizes the shortcoming size, just as highlights, constituent geometry, stacking situation and the substance property known as break sturdiness to figure the limit of a constituent containing a flaw to restrict crack (Metallurgical Society of AIME, 2005). Tests having normal extents yet different complete size bring into being disparate guidelines for KI. This comes about in light of the fact that the weight states connecting to the issue changes with the example thickness (B) fully expecting the broadness outperforming some basic estimation. When the broadness outperforms the basic estimation, the estimation of KI ends up being similarly unvarying and KIC , is an exact material resource which is known as the plane-strain break strength. The alliance in the midst of stress quality, KI, and break sturdiness, KIC, is practically identical to the relationship in the midst of weight and pliable weight. The pressure quality, KI, epitomizes the tallness of â€Å"pressureâ €  at the highest point of the break, just as the crack unpleasantness, KIC, is the most extreme estimation of weight quality that a substance under exact conditions that is plane-strain, that a substance can hold up under up without burst. As the pressure quality factor gets to the KIC esteem, insecure crack happens. Likewise with a substance’s other mechanized properties, KIC is normally detailed inside reference books, just as different sources (American Society for Testing and Materials, 2006).  When a substance with a break is stacked in pressure, the materials develop plastic strains as the give in pressure is outperformed in the zone close to the crack tip. Substance inside the crack tip pressure field, found near an open surface, can contort digressively that is in the z-way of the portrayal since there can't exist any anxieties standard to the open surface. The state of pressure is slanted to biaxial, just as the substance break in a particular malleable manner , with a 45o cut off lip being made at each open surface. This circumstance is known as â€Å"plane-stress moreover it happens in nearly slender bodies where the weight through the expansiveness can't contrast essentially as a result of the flimsy portion (Metallurgical Society of AIME, 2005). Then again, substance away from the open surfaces of a relatively thick constituent isn't freed to contort digressively on the grounds that the bordering material represses it. The pressure circumstance under these conditions is slanted to triaxial moreover, there is zero strain at a 90-degree point to both the strain pivot and the orientation of break transmission when a substance is stacked in pressure. This structure is known as â€Å"plane-strain† and is organized inside thick plates. Underneath plane-strain conditions, substances carry on a very basic level, flexible pending the break pressure showing up at and afterward quick crack happens. Given that slight or no plastic twistin g is noticed, this structure burst is alluded to as delicate breakage (Smith, Temenoff and Gall, 2009) . When doing a break strength test, the most across the board test plans are the single outskirts indent twist (SENB), just as the conservative pressure (CT)

Yes, its true. Decisions are out! COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Yes, its true. Decisions are out! COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog By now youve heard the news that MIA/MPA/MPA-DP Fall 2017 admissions decisions are out. Some of you received the wonderful news that youve been admitted to SIPA, and others received some news they werent hoping for. No matter where you fall on that spectrum, I promise to address your questions this week in a series of blog posts. For today, I want to give everyone more time to process their decisionsand to celebrate the achievements of those who were admitted. To mark it, heres a look at all of the emotions in gif form those who were admitted must have felt when they read their letters. First, you got an email stating your admissions decision was ready.   [Photo courtesy of reactiongifs.com] You clicked on the email  but wanted to remain surprised. So you sort of side-glanced your computer screen and splayed your fingers over your eyes  so you wouldnt read ahead. [Photo courtesy of media.tenor.co] You read and read, and then you realize its a waste of an emailBecause we tell you to click on a link to move on to the next step. While entering your account information on the log-in screen you think: Why all the extra steps?! I already filled out a 20-page application, submitted essays, got over my fear of public speaking by answering that ridiculous video  question, donated my kidney, and [Photo courtesy of www.reactiongifs.com] Youre confronted with your Status Page and little intimidating hyperlink that connects you to your letter. (Another link?!) [Photo courtesy of www.tenor.co] And youre somewhat annoyed with us. [Photo courtesy of Pinterest] After all of that, you nervously wait for your decision letter to load. [Photo courtesy of reactiongif.org] And you read and read some more. [Photo courtesy of bluffers.com] Then, confetti sprouted from the digital heavens and at first you werent sure  the international symbol for celebration was real. [Photo courtesy of tenor.co] That Frank Sinatra tune was also pretty cool, huh?! As you continued to skim your admission letter, circling in on congratulations, you knew we werent playing a sick prank on you. [Photo courtesy of reactiongif.org] [Photo courtesy of tenor.co] Cue the much-deserved Happy Dance. [Photo courtesy of mashable.com] [Photo courtesy of giphy.com] [Photo courtesy of mashable.com] [Photo courtesy of giphy.com] [Photo courtesy of deviantart.net] [Photo courtesy of giphy.com] [Photo courtesy of giphy.com] [Photo courtesy of giphy.com] In the end, you knew you deserved it because you are [Photo courtesy of giphy.com]

External and Internal Environments Research Assignment - 2200 Words

External and Internal Environments Research Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: ASSIGNMENT 2: EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTSInstitutional AffiliationStudents Name:Professors Name:Subject:Date:Assignment 2: External and Internal EnvironmentsAir transport is the most reliable and growing means of transport in the transportation industry. As a mode of transport, it is the most recent in the industry, a gift of the 20th century to the universe. The unique feature about the transport is that it does not require any particular surface or track for it to operate, but instead uses the air like the way. Further, the most powerful advantage related to this mode of transport is the quickness involved in travelling. Air transport is categorised into two sections, just like many other forms of transport, including the passenger and the cargo segment. Several airlines therefore exist, each classified under various factors including cost, comfort among many others. Different countries also have their various airlines travelling from regions to regions. Forw ard Air Corporation is the leading provider of air transportation, located in North America (Borenstein, 2014). The company deals with cargo transportation, at a cost-efficient and reliable means among different others corporations. An analysis of the companys internal and external environments aims to assess the companys performance and how it can be improved.General environmentThe general environment includes some dimensions in the wider society which influences an industry and the individual's firms related. The environment is made up of seven segments including, demographic, economic, Socio-cultural, global, political, technological and physical segments. Forward Air Corporation mainly deals with cargo transportation and operates approximately 18 pools of network operations and distribution centres. Also, the company has delivery services reaching more than 27 storefronts in 27 states (Borenstein, 2014). Specifically, economic and demographic segments would rank the highest in i nfluencing the company as constituents of the general environment.The demographic segment is the actual identification of the market in a particular industry, as a whole. The firm should determine the way it will segment the market among different locations and further profile each section individually. For the corporation to achieve high performance, it should access the advantages of each separate section and later on consider the segment with the best potential. The increase or decrease of population in various places will highly affect the companys performance considering that the population is what provides the market. The effect of the segment to the overall industry concerns the overall development of the various regions to where air transportation as industry operates. High income among the population will mean larger development, which will influence the industry positively.The Economic segment, on the other hand, means the economic stability in the market within the market that particular organisations are competing. /// suggests that understanding of this segment is essential not only to an individual firm but also the entire industry. Forward Air Corporations performance depends on the economic growth, availability of credit, interest rates as well as the foreign exchange. The company is highly affected by these factors considering that they are the very ones that will determine the prices in the industry as well.Forces of competitionThe Five Forces tool developed by Porter is a powerful instrument in any organisation, as it helps in understanding the business situation at any given moment. They include buyer power, supplier power, competitive rivalry, the threat of substitution and new entries (Magretta, 2013). For Forward Air Corporation, competitive rivalry and threats to new entries are the most significant forces in the air transport industry. Competitive rivalry involves the number and capability of the competitors in a certain industry and i ndividual organisations in particular. If a company has many competitors offering same standard and attractive products and services, the company will certainly have less power in the market as customers may consider other firms with the best deals. On the other hand, if no business in the market does what a particular company does, then the company will have effective advantages in the market (Magretta, 2013). In Forward Air Corporation, competitive rivalry determines the sustainability of the business in the industry. Since its establishment, the firm has maintained a good position in the market through the various strategies put in place in serving the customers. For instance, the firm has invested much in the cargo segment of the transport and is among the leading companies in carrying air cargo from places to places. Also, the company uses different innovations to address the competitive rivalry. In doing this, Forward Airline Corporation attracts new customers to the company o ver and over, while retaining the existing ones.The threat of new entrants is another significant force facing the company, common to the aviation industry in general. According to Magretta (2013), the market growth in air transport has steadily been increasing for a long period, mostly because of the introduction of new airlines every day. The ability of new parties to enter the aviation industry affects the power of a particular industry in a major way. Forward Air Corporation is also a victim of the situation but has managed to preserve a favourable position in the industry through its strong protection of its key technologies as well as diversified economies of scale. As a result, new competitors have always found it harder to enter the companys market and weaken its position.Addressing the forces in the futureRivalries will always exist within any industry regardless of the products or customer involved in the same. As a business, Forward Air Corporation is projected to face co mpetition for all through its operation specifically from airlines dealing with cargo transit from locations to locations, including Qatar and Etihad airlines. With the increase in time, the competition will keep on increasing as new firms will keep on entering the market. The company should incorporate more innovative features in their performance so as to capture the rising trends and development in the industry. In doing so, the company will be able to address the competitive rivalry as a market force and as such, maintain its level in the industry. Additionally, there will always be new entrants in the market in the future, as new airlines are introduced in the industry (Magretta, 2013). As mentioned earlier, there is more room for competition shortly, and airline companies should, therefore, develop mechanisms to figure out ways that will prevent new entrants from driving them out of the market. Forward Airline Corporation can address these forces in the future, through variati on of prices in their services. By regulating the prices, customers will hardly migrate from the company seeking new entrants to the market. The organisation will, therefore, maintain the client while at the same time retain the existing ones.External threats and opportunitiesLike all other businesses around the world, the airline industry is faced with a series of threats both external and internal, which highly affects an organisation performance immensely. The external threats are the ones that affect an organisation from outside the company and in most cases; the company may lack control of them (Magretta, 2013). Forward Airline Corporation faces a series of potential external threats, including political, economic, technological, environmental and legal. These factors influence the companys fundamentals through various aspects leading to a low performance of the same overtime. Political factors involve interventions by the government on certain economic operations in particula r industries. Forward Airline Corporation operates in a very controlled political environment that restricts different aspects in the transportation of cargo. As a result, the company is limited to certain operations which in turn limit the businesss performance.Economic factors include the cycles in individual countries like peaks and troughs. The company faces threats from this aspect, considering that a decrease in economic condition profoundly affects the market. Technological advancement is also a risk to the enterprise and is among the major threats that affect the companys cooperation massively. The increase in technology has increased competition to the company given that even passenger will soon be transporting heavy cargo along with the passengers as well. Environmental threats are also a major concern for the company, considering that the industry consumes more than 200 million tonnes of fuel annually. The industrys impact on the environment has raised a lot of concerns f rom different parties which directs the industry, including Forwarding Air Corporation. The company should deal with the most serious threats including environmental and technological to improve the performance as well as do as per the requirements. Environmentally, the company should invest in recent developments and alternative fuel options that are environmental-friendly. Further, the company should invest further in technology and keep updated with the current development, to be able to keep up with the competition in the industry.The airline industry, specifically the Forward Air Corporation has significant opportunities that can boost its operations in the industry. They include the high reduction of fuel costs, especially in America. The company can use this opportunity to increase its service in the market at lower fuel prices and further serve the customers ma...

Research-Proposal-on-Causes-of-Employee-Turnover - 4423 Words

RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON CAUSES OF EMPLOYEE TURNOVER ABSTRACT This proposal is aimed at conducting a study to investigate the causes of employee turnover. Proposed study will use different research articles to develop a model which shows that employee satisfaction, employee motivation and employee involvement has an impact on employee turnover. Introduction to Proposed Research Title CAUSES OF EMPLOYEE TURNOVER: Background of Study Employee turnover is the number of permanent employees leaving the company within the reported period versus the number of actual active permanent employees on the last day of the previous reported period. Five reasons due to†¦show more content†¦However, this is not a factor for everyone. There are those who are satisfied to do the same thing even after ten years. 5. The condition of the organization could also be a factor. If it is unstable, the employees will surely look for a more stable organization. They would not want to stay long in an organization that could close any time[1]. MODEL TOPIC Dependent Variable Employee Turnover VARIABLES Independent Variable Employee Satisfaction Employee Motivation Employee Involvement EXPLANATION OF MODEL Employee Turnover (Dependent Variable): Employee turnover is the difference in the rate of employees leaving a company and new employees filling up their positions. While for building a model employee turnover is specified as dependent variable. Employee Satisfaction (Independent Variable): Employee satisfaction describes how satisfied an individual is with his or her job. According to my perspective happier people are more satisfied with their jobs. And is used as independent variable for research proposal. Employee Motivation (Independent Variable): Motivation refers to the beginning, direction, intensity and determination of human behavior. And treated as independent variable for employee turnover. 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LITERATURE OVEREVIEW 4 3.1 Training and development: 4 3.2 Organization culture: 6 3.3 Task variety: 7 3.4 Opportunities for employee growth: 7 3.5 Rewards and Recognitions:Read MorePreceptorship Program Proposal At A Medical Center1703 Words   |  7 Pagesas to decrease high turnover rates, turn over costs, medication errors and increase patient safety. There is a high turnover rate of newly registered nurses in the healthcare industry as they transition from students to professional nurses. So strategies to implement an effective preceptorship programs that will decrease turnover rates is important. Newly licensed registered nurses lack a level of performance and confidence in making pertinent patient care decisions. Research studies have outlinedRead MoreIdentify the Causes of Turnover in Call Centers.3824 Words   |  16 Pagesand small. What determines employee turnover? The answer to this question has great relevance to the individual who may be thinking about quitting a job, and for the manager who is faced with lack of employee continuity, the high cost involved in the induction and training of new staff, and declining organizational productivity. Within call center industry, workforce turnover has been one of the most pressing issues for many years. Excessive employee turnover rate is detrimental to organizationsRead MoreLeadership Styles And Staff Retention1156 Words   |  5 Pages1.0 Title The working title of this research is initially drafted as – Leadership Styles and Staff Retention: How leadership styles affect staff retention? 2.0 Background of the Study Leadership is an incremental component that centers the existence, survival and functioning of any group or organisation. Indeed, the organisations recognise that their success is highly-dependent upon the quality and effectiveness of this dimension. 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But how can such a pure-hearted idea cause such economic degradation across the entire nation? Pure intentions do not always breed good policy, and the cost of idealism†¦. When the first federal minimum wage of 25 cents was approved in the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act, it was meant to keep

The Battle Between Gun Control and Gun Rights Essay

The debate over the right to bear arms according to the Second Amendment has been a hotly contested issue for many years in American history. The matter has been one of the most controversial issues in the second half of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first; disputed between politicians on the liberal and conservative side along with issues such as abortion, capital punishment, and gay marriage. The Supreme Court has officially defined the controversial Second Amendment by stating that states have the right to maintain a militia separate from a federally controlled army (Gale Encyclopedia, pg. 155-162). However, â€Å"Courts have consistently held that the state and federal governments may lawfully regulate the sale, transfer,†¦show more content†¦Const., amend. II).† There have been two main arguments that have stemmed from the different interpretations of the national document. â€Å"One argument supported that the Second Amendment supported an individua l or personal right to have firearms, in particular for self-defense, separate and apart from citizen service in government militia. The second argument was that the amendment created a citizen â€Å"right of revolution† or â€Å"insurrection†, meaning that citizens had a right to engage in armed revolt against their government if they felt that the government was behaving in an unjust manner (Spitzer, The Right to Bear Arms).† Both of these views have been at the heart of the controversy of gun control. Some could say that it really depends on whom you talk to of how the Second Amendment applies to the current battle over gun control in today’s society. For example, gun rights advocates like the NRA (National Rifle Association) interpret the Amendment to ensure the right of individuals to possess and carry firearms (A Right to Bear Arms?, UMKC School of Law). Gun control advocates such as the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence state that the term â₠¬Å"militia† is used elsewhere in the Constitution, and it always refers to the state-organized militia (Tushnet, Interpreting). They believe that the Second Amendment is specifically slated towards the state-organized militia. The Amendment means that the Congress cannot disarm theShow MoreRelatedGun Control : Opposing Viewpoints1449 Words   |  6 Pages GUN CONTROL: OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Introduction and Preliminary Research In a country where the people own more than 70 million handguns and perhaps one million automatic rifles and assault weapons, public opinion on gun control is understandably divided. Those opposed to gun control often cite the Second Amendment of the United States Constitution, which appears to guarantee private citizens the unrestricted right to bear arms; less theoretical arguments include the practical need for self-defenseRead MoreGun Control versus Gun Rights Essay1445 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In America guns have been a part of the country’s society since it’s birth. Throughout history the citizens of the US have used firearms to protect the nation, protect their families, hunt for food and engage in sporting activities. The issue of Guns and gun control is complex. Weighing the rights and liberties of the individual against the welfare and safety of the public has always been a precarious balancing act. In the United States, gun control is one of these tumultuous issuesRead MoreStricter Gun Laws in America829 Words   |  4 PagesSTRICTER GUN LAWS IN AMERICA â€Æ' America needs stricter measures on gun usage because other countries have clearly shown that it is possible to have a much lower percentage of gun-related violence. The obvious changes that America needs to improve on are stricter gun-control laws, and a system of education before people are allowed to own guns. Guns were used in 11,078 homicides in the U.S. in 2010, comprising almost 35% of all gun deaths, and over 68% of all homicides (Statistics onRead MoreGun Control in America758 Words   |  4 PagesNathan 3/30/08 Gun Control in America Ever since the days of the pioneers, firearms have been an element of the American tradition as defense and a means of hunting or activity. As we progress through the 21st century the use of guns has changed significantly. The reason that the use of the gun is changing is fast and steady increase in crime and the battle for the right to have possession of a hand gun, the introduction of legislation for gun control, to try to decrease the felony in theRead MoreIs There A Perfect Balance For Gun Control?872 Words   |  4 Pagesto control them (Just Facts)? Since the beginning of firearms, citizens have been concerned about who will acquire guns. By definition, gun control is the regulation of selling, owning, and the use of guns (Merriam-Webster). If one was to listen to television such as CNN, Fox News, or ABC, it is likely that the network would recognize the battle between â€Å"pro-second amendment conservatives† and â€Å"gun control democrats†. There are severa l topics that dictate individual’s opinions on gun control. SomeRead MoreGuns in American History Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesGuns have played a big part in American history. The first settlers found an abundant amount of edible game when they came to this continent. Guns were very useful in hunting for food in this vas landscape. Familiarity with a rifle was an essential skill which also helped the Colonist of the new world to defeat the British troops during the Revolutionary War that was fought from 1775-1783. After the Revolutionary War was over, guns became even more important to American history in the taming of theRead MoreThe Arguments For Gun Policy998 Words   |  4 PagesGun Policy After the continuing domestic and international acts of gun violence, either as hate crimes, revenge, or terrorist acts, the ongoing battle of gun control in our country continues to be heated and emotional. Because of fear or to use for election campaigns, citizens and politicians are aggressively voicing their opinions either for or against this debate with both rational and irrational claims. Some of the rational arguments for gun control are popular with the public. For example, HilaryRead More Liberals LOVE Gun Control Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesLiberals Love Gun Control      Ã‚  Ã‚   Gun Control can be called the acid test of liberalism. All true liberals must favor stricter gun controls. After all, doesnt the United States have the most heavily armed population on the earth? Are we not the worlds most violent people? Surely these facts must be at least casually connected. Therefore the apparently desperate need to do something about the vast quantity of firearms and firearms abuse is obvious.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Guns are employedRead MoreEssay The History of Gun Control in the United States885 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.† A gun license grants a user the right to own and use a firearm. Gun-right supporters strongly oppose federally mandated licensing or registration. They see both as dangerous steps toward revoking Second Amendment rights. They say that with mandated licensing or registration, a right guaranteed by the Constitution becomes a privilege granted by the government (Doeden). The topic of gun control/rights in the United States hasRead MoreGun Ownership And Gun Related Homicides1386 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Several peer reviewed studies on the subject of gun ownership and gun related homicides were identified and reviewed. During the research phase it was noted that there are opponents and proponents of gun control that present logical sounding arguments, but there have been several research studies conducted that suggest that there is a positive correlational relationship between gun ownership and gun related deaths, particularly gun related homicides. This paper will review many studies

Behavioral Theory Based View On Behavior Within Society...

In an ever-evolving world, it is natural to hold on to historical views of how to manage behaviour within society and the classroom drawing from our own perspectives and childhood experiences. Categorising children as inherently good or bad as a direct response to the behaviour they display is viewed with a certain sense of bias when bound by what is deemed normal and acceptable from an educator’s own viewpoint. In response to the view stated by Bulotsky-Shearer, Dominguez Bell’s (2012, p. 421) where â€Å"the evidence is unequivocal – children who have difficulty regulating their emotions, paying attention, initiating peer interactions and sustaining engagement in learning tasks are at risk for school difficulties†, this paper will take a behavioural theory based view to understanding some of the behaviours children exhibit. It will view how a child’s behaviours present themselves within in a socio-cultural construct due to influences upon a their life and how behavioural theory only approach to future learning will lead to lapses in a child’s developing learning skills. The behavioural theory seeks to understand the behaviour children display as a direct stimulus – response relationship and posits that ongoing feedback both positive and negative is what yields great learning outcomes (McLeod, 2007a). Educators will be required to understand the definition of behaviour as an observable response to stimulus received externally from the environment or more broadly as any actionShow MoreRelatedArchitectural Psychology : a Tool to Understand Child’s Perception of Space7807 Words   |  32 Pagesdirectly to our psyches through a particular language. And, there is a need to learn that language, so as to enhance the communication between a building and our psyches. Further, by engaging all of these senses, form and function may be more fully expressed so occupants can have deeper, more meaningful moments – feeling the bouquet of their surroundings in all of its dimensions. When a child experiences a building, and as his body moves, see s, smells, touches, hears and even tastes within a space –Read Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pages978-8011-1708-4 Ordering Information Copies of this publication are available for sale from the California Department of Education. For prices and ordering information, please visit the Department Web site at http://www.cde.ca.gov/ re/pn or call the CDE Press Sales Office at 1-800-995-4099. An illustrated Educational Resource Catalog describing publications, videos, and other instructional media available from the Department can be obtained without charge by writing to the CDE Press Sales OfficeRead MoreWhy Ability Assessments Dont Cross Cultures10050 Words   |  41 Pagesthis article is that ability tests can be analyzed as items of symbolic culture. This theoretical perspective, based in cultural psychology, provides psychological researchers and clinicians with the tools to detect, correct, and avoid the cross-cultural misunderstandings that undermine the validity of ability tests applied outside their culture of origin. When testers use tests developed in their own culture to test members of a different culture, testees often do not share the presuppositions aboutRead MoreAin t No Making It Chapter Summaries Essay9177 Words   |  37 Pagesï » ¿Chapter 1 Our achievement ideology is based on the idea that the U.S. is full of opportunity and anyone can accomplish success in our society if they work hard enough. Many grow up thinking education is the ladder that will allow for this social mobility and all you have to do is be willing to work hard enough to earn it. But what about children who grow up thinking differently? Why do some strive for high paying careers while others refuse school and are seemingly ok with staying working classRead MoreMethods of Qualitative of Data Collection19658 Words   |  79 Pagesinquiry. The first concerns the researcher’s views of the nature of the research: Is the inquiry technical and neutral, intending to conform to traditional research within her discipline, or is it controversial and critical, with an 97 04-Marshall-4864.qxd 98 2/1/2006 3:16 PM Page 98 DESIGNING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH explicit political agenda? Second, How does she construe her location, her positioning relative to the participants: Does she view herself as distant and objective or intimatelyRead MoreAbnormal Psychology. Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior20707 Words   |  83 Pages3 CHAPTER Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior CHAPTER OUTLINE HOW ARE ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR PATTERNS METHODS OF ASSESSMENT 80–99 CLASSIFIED? 70–77 The Clinical Interview The DSM and Models of Abnormal Behavior Computerized Interviews Psychological Tests STANDARDS OF ASSESSMENT 77–80 Neuropsychological Assessment Reliability Behavioral Assessment Validity Cognitive Assessment Physiological Measurement SOCIOCULTURAL AND ETHNIC FACTORS IN ASSESSMENT 99–100 SUMMING UP 100–101 TRead MoreMulticultural Education in a Pluralistic Society21691 Words   |  87 Pagesa healthy start in life. With all of our wealth and capacity, we just can’t stand by idly. Secretary of State Colin Powell, 2000 ISBN: 0-536-29978-1 Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, Seventh Edition, by Donna M. Gollnick and Philip C. Chinn. Published by Prentice-Hall/Merrill. Copyright  © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Class hile he was still in college, Tomas Juarez had decided he wanted to work with children from low-income families. He began his teachingRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 PagesJim Fredrickson in a collection entitled Perspectives on Strategic Management (HarperCollins, 1990). Bruce used the paper in a course at Trent University and found that it worked well. Why don t you do a book on it? he suggested. Why don t we do it together? Henry replied. They both thought that Joe would make an excellent member of the team. So the safari was launched. We did not, however, write this as a textbook or some sort of academic treatise. From the outset, we believed that the book shouldRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreThe Effects of Advertising on Children33281 Words   |  134 Pagesthe influence of television advertising directed to children Prepared for ACMA by Dr Jeffrey E. Brand May 2007  © Commonwealth of Australia 2007 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Manager, Communications/Media, Australian Communications and Media Authority, PO

Capital Punishment Should Be Eliminated - 1342 Words

Capital Punishment should be eliminated in America The European influence on America gave way to the similarities between our cultures, including the death penalty. The first recorded execution in America was that of Captain Kendall in Virginia in 1608. Kendall was executed for being a spy, but at that the time capital punishment was used even for minor crimes. Fast forward 150 years to the Abolitionist Movement and we see Cesare Beccaria post an essay in 1767 declaring the state has no right to take a man’s life. This marks a key moment in the development of capital punishment, as philosophers start to develop a voice for abolitionist, which in turn are able to make reforms to the death penalty. By the Nineteenth Century the abolitionist movement gained momentum in America. This caused many states to lower the amount of executions given per year and some to abolish the death penalty, but most states held on to capital punishment. As a result, more crimes became capital offenses and new ways of killing people, such as the elec tric chair and lethal gas, were instated. This was halted in the court case, Furman v. Georgia, in 1972. Furman thought that some of the punishments were too severe for the crime, thus making them unconstitutional. The Supreme Court declared Furman the victor and eliminated all forty death penalty statutes, effectively suspending the death penalty. However, four years later in the Court Case Gregg v. Georgia the death penalty was reinstated inShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment Should Be Eliminated1679 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the history of humanity, punishments have been in place for the wrongful acts of citizens within governmental systems of all kinds. In America during the early days of the country, the death penalty was a more viable solution than it appears today due to the quality of the prisons, which couldn’t sustain prisoners long-term. (Von Drehle, 2015). Today, this is not an issue with prisons that are provided both by the state and federal governments an d that are fully capable of holding offendersRead MoreEssay on Death Penalty1342 Words   |  6 Pages Capital Punishment Capital Punishment: a.k.a. the death penalty. To kill or not to kill. This is an extremely controversial question in today’s society. The number of people who are for it still believe in the saying, â€Å" an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.† These are the people who feel if you intentionally take the life of someone else, then yours should be taken as well. But then there are the other number of people who feel the death penalty should be banned because of its cruelRead MoreCapital Punishment Of The United States1152 Words   |  5 PagesRogerian Essay: Capital Punishment   Ã‚  Ã‚   There has been about 15,760 executions in the United States since 1700, (http://time.com/deathpenalty/), but that is counting all types of executions, for example: burning, firing squad, hanging, gas, electrocution, injection, and others. Now looking from when the capital punishment was approved in 1976 (Death penalty Information Center), only 1,448 executions have been made. The capital punishment was made for â€Å"retribution, theory which demand for ‘tooth forRead More Capital Punishment Essay1685 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment Works Cited Not Included Capital Punishment was basically thought of for the good of society. The objective of Capital Punishment is to stop people from committing violent and offensive acts. Capital Punishment or the death penalty has failed however, to prevent or discourage crime. Moreover, it is cruel and gruesome. At present there are five methods of execution. The most commonly used form of execution is by lethal injection. In this method the convict is first injectedRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1306 Words   |  6 Pagessomeone’s life was a fit punishment for crime. Many things in the justice system have changed since the 17th century, so why not the age old penalty of death? Capital punishment in the United States is a highly debated topic. Arguments that want to get rid of this method of punishment usually mention the many problems that capital punishment is plagued with. The death penalty has many issues that cannot be resolved, and since these issues can’t be solved, the death penalty should be abolished. â€Å"The irrevocableRead MoreEssay on Preserve or Outlaw?1731 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment has been one of the most controversial issues in American history. Its complex history demonstrates how controversial the subject is. Capital punishme nt is the verdict of execution as a punishment for a person or persons convicted of committing a crime. In 1972, the Supreme Court determined that capital punishment violated the 8th Amendment of the United States Constitution’s prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. However, this ruling did not last for long. In 1976, the courtRead MoreThe Death Penalty Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesThe rehearsal of the death penalty has been experienced throughout the years since the Middle Ages, but as the years go on, many countries have eliminated capital punishment either in law or in practice. This, because of people disagreeing with the fact of taking someone’s life away regardless the gravity of the felony they have committed. As it is written in the 14th amendment â€Å"†¦Nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any personRead More Capital Punishment Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punis hment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capital punishment is a very controversial issue, but it is a just penalty for murderers. Murderers forfeit their lives for taking the life of another. Capital punishment deters criminals from committing violet crimes. Incapacitating criminals is also another form of deterrence. The death penalty removes harmful criminals from society. In doing this, people can feel much safer knowing that there is one less criminal on the streets. The death penalty is also more economicalRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of Capital Punishment1208 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of capital punishment is one that is highly debated in our society today. Capital punishment is the ultimate punishment our society can give one for their actions. On the other hand, it is viewed as a denial of human rights that promotes more violence in our society. Religious Tolerance.org states that in the United States, over 13,000 people have been legally executed since colonial times. (Religious T olerance) Is capital punishment a moral act? It is not a moral punishment as it deniesRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Abolished1115 Words   |  5 Pagesin jail time, house arrest, and/or having to pay fines. Crimes that are severe can lead to greater punishment, like spending life in prison. The most severe crimes can lead one to an equally severe punishment known as capital punishment. Capital punishment is the authorization to kill someone for the crime he or she has committed. Capital punishment, commonly referred to as the death penalty, should be abolished in all states because it can put innocent lives at risk, it costs millions of dollars

Soylent Green Euthanasia Free Essays

English 20 Soylent Green Euthanasia Soylent Green was based on the short story by Harry Harrison entitled â€Å"Make Room! Make Room! † It offers solutions to many near future problems. Overpopulation is one. Euthanasia is another. We will write a custom essay sample on Soylent Green Euthanasia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Feeding the masses is yet another. In fact euthanasia is a solution to the problem of overcrowding. What I choose to deal with here is euthanasia. Simonson, a character in the book, helps himself to the latter’s food, liquor, bathroom, and books. Through this he discovers the nefarious deeds of the Soylent Company, The entity that feeds people. He treats it as a necessary evil. A concept that pulls the hearts strings of all readers. In the story food is provided for the overpopulated world by a lottery where old people are killed in euphoric ways to provide food. The meals are called Soylent green. Some people are aware of what the lottery is for, some are not. These are important for the fact that overpopulation in today’s society is already a problem. I will address that later. The movie is very disturbing. The idea that humans are food for other humans strikes the wrong cord in the reader, as it should. That is the author’s intention. The movie and the story are made to provoke a viewer to think about different perspectives. The one that stuck with me the most is Euthanasia. I disagree with the author’s inedited meaning. Personally I feel that euthanasia should be allowed. Not out of necessity but because people should not suffer. To address the modern day relevancy it must be mentioned at the time of the book and movie. It was understood mathematically that eventually there would be too many people to feed. It is the same way today and the number of people that are growing every year is such that it is exponentially. Also euthanasia is constantly debated today. Some people believe that it is an issue reserved for only Gods judgment. I. E. it will never be a human beings decision. The other point of view is that free choice is what is given by god. Again the author is not debating those two issues when it comes to euthanasia. He is debating the first I mentioned. That euthanasia is a moral issue vs. the issue of human survival. Euthanasia is a religious, ethical, and moral issue in this county. It is one that is shunned by our society in the fact that no one wants to talk about it. The view of many Christians is that when you are called to heaven it is your turn. However, the last six months of your life are usually the most expensive time of life. A person can live a century and in that time, become incapacitated of time and place. In this instance, the physician and government officials have to make the decision to euthanize. Morally, families usually decide and carry out loved one’s last wishes. Funeral’s are arranged, people die, are remembered, and then buried. It needs to be noted that in many European counties euthanasia is allowed. A kindly death for the elderly is the European sentimentality. Personally I agree with the concept. The movie treats it in a way that is defiantly negative. Again I agree with euthanasia, a safe comfortable death for those at the end of their life. The movie showed the detrimental side of euthanasia. The fact that the people were not aware of being turned into food is humorous. Truly, I find it hilarious. The story is one that shows the dangers of overpopulation and government control. Forgive me again, for laughing but the irony that is inherent in the movie makes me laugh to no end. Actually what harm is done by people becoming food unwillingly? IT needs to be noted that in the movie Dr. Pianka had mixed feelings about the creation of Soylent green. On one he had was feeding the multitude; on the other hand he was taking lives. How would you feel about such a dichotomy? Personally I feel that the ends justify the means. Truly, debating the intention of the debating author is clear. He hopes that this future is one that WILL not happen! At the same time Harry Harrison realizes it is a possibility. This is Something that we as humans should be aware of. The possibility that people could be sterilized by the true â€Å"progressives† is truly disturbing. In conclusion, Soylent Green is a movie that provokes the mind, spirit, and soul. The truth that the world will soon be overpopulated is so close to coming true! The creators of the movie show that. It wants nothing more for us; as human beings to understand that this is an issue that will have to be dealt with eventually. Also it wants us to understand that not every option is the best option. How to cite Soylent Green Euthanasia, Essay examples

Neurosciences and Philosophy Neural Activations †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Neurosciences and Philosophy Neural Activations. Answer: Introduction: Empathy can be understood as the ability to comprehend or feel the experience or the point of view of another person. It can be inclusive of cognitive, emotional or somatic empathy. It is an important component of the emotional experience, and social interaction ad forms the basis to understand and predict feelings, motivations and actions of others (Bernhardt Singer, 2012). Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the ability to identify self emotions from others, and the ability to perceive, regulate and communicate them (Zeidner, Matthews Roberts, 2012). EI includes the ability to detect emotions (from physical cues), understanding the cause and effect relationship of emotions, and to facilitate or regulate thought or emotions of self or others. Neuro imaging studies using fMRI scans have shown that mirror neurons play a central role in the process of empathy (Corradini Antonietti, 2013). Interference in the activity of the mirror neuron systems can result in impaired Empathy and EI. These neurons have also been implicated for their role in morality (Lamm MajdandÃ… ¾i?, 2015). For example in case of Autism spectrum disorder, explained by the broken mirror hypothesis (Hamilton, 2013). The hypothesis links certain mental dysfunctions to interferences in the neural activities in mirror-related frontal areas of the brain (Herbert et al., 2015). This shows an important correlation between Empathy and EI from a neurobiological perspective (Simonetti, 2014). Intentional Interviewing refers to an interview, that aims to recognize and identify individual intentions, and intentional helping can be understood as the philosophy of helping individuals via interview and counseling sessions (Brinkman, 2014). It is necessary therefore for the interviewer to be able to empathize with the interviewee, to be able to form an insight into the thought process, cognition and personality traits of a person. This framework can then be used to predict future behaviors of the interviewee. An effective communication can commence only when the interviewee feels comfortable to share his/her deep seated thoughts. For example, while interviewing a person suffering from Depression or PTSD, it is vital for the interviewer to be aware of and sensitive to the the persons frame of mind (Blain, 2013). Only when the interviewer is aware and, empathetic of the trauma that is disturbing the psyche of the interviewee, can the interviewer analyze and evaluate the emotional responses. This score allows easy identification of certain emotions based solely on how the body reacts to a psychological stimulus. On an emotional competency analysis, the above score can mean the following attributes: Easy recognition of negative emotions, Ease of expressing both positive and negative emotions, ability to deal with situations that has a huge emotional load, Ability to rely on logic to take decisions. These attributes can be a powerful tool in understanding another persons frame of mind and allow building empathy with the subject. To be able to continue work in the field of psychology, it is also important to develop the following skill sets: Ability to dig deeper into emotions to understand their source and cause, Becoming self aware to reflect on emotions properly, Ability to step back and analyze an overwhelming situation. Also, it is vital to be able to discern between cognitive and effective empathy. Incorporating these attributes would require a greater level of introspection on the emotion-behavior relationship for both self and others, which in turn improve the ability to truly empathize with others. References: Bernhardt, B. C., Singer, T. (2012). The neural basis of empathy.Annual review of neuroscience,35. Blain, L. M. (2013).Motivational Interviewing as an Augmentation to Increase Effectiveness in Cognitive Processing Therapy for PTSD: An Initial Trial. University of Missouri-Saint Louis. Brinkmann, S. (2014). Interview. InEncyclopedia of Critical Psychology(pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York. Corradini, A., Antonietti, A. (2013). Mirror neurons and their function in cognitively Hamilton, A. F. D. C. (2013). Reflecting on the mirror neuron system in autism: a systematic review of current theories.Developmental cognitive neuroscience,3, 91-105. Herbet, G., Lafargue, G., Moritz-Gasser, S., Bonnetblanc, F., Duffau, H. (2015). Interfering with the neural activity of mirror-related frontal areas impairs mentalistic inferences.Brain Structure and Function,220(4), 2159-2169. Lamm, C., MajdandÃ… ¾i?, J. (2015). The role of shared neural activations, mirror neurons, and morality in empathya critical comment.Neuroscience Research,90, 15-24. Simonetti, N. (2014). Neurosciences and philosophy of mind: a reductive interpretation of the Mirror Neurons System(MNS).Research in Psychology and Behavioral Sciences,2(2), 24-42. Zeidner, M., Matthews, G., Roberts, R. D. (2012).What we know about emotional intelligence: How it affects learning, work, relationships, and our mental health. MIT press.

“October Sky” by Joe Johnston and “Every Day Use” by Alice Walker’s Essay Example For Students

â€Å"October Sky† by Joe Johnston and â€Å"Every Day Use† by Alice Walker’s Essay â€Å"October Sky† by Joe Johnston and â€Å"Every Day Use† by Alice Walker’s stories deal with parents and kids relationships. John Hickam and a middle-aged woman are parents who find themselves choosing between both of their kids. Dee and Jim are the strongest kids of the family who’ve followed their parents’ expectations. Homer and Maggie are very different from their brother and sister. They have very different goals compare to their brothers and sisters. As consequence their relationship with their parents experience obstacles and conflicts. As readers we capture the distinctions that this parents have between their kids. They treat them differently. The theme that stands the most is based on the relationship between parents and children. John and Walker have learned to accept their kids and the differences that create a different out come from the begging of the story until the end. Hickam and Walker faced conflicts and gained their parents respects by changing their static relationship into dynamic acceptance between them. Homer devotion to rockets and differences between his brothers does not follow his dad’s expectations creating conflicts between them and static their relationship as father and son. In â€Å"October Sky†, the story takes place at a West Virginia mining town during the 1950’s. People could only survive working in coalmines. John is a mine superintendent and fully expects Homer to follow his footsteps. He demonstrates to him how much he wants him to become a coal minter and says † homer I was born for this, and I shouldn’t be surprise you were to. † This creates conflict with his dream of becoming a Rocket Scientists. By winning the science project he would be able to gain a scholarship and becoming a rocket scientist. He follows his dream over passing the problems like when he’s arrested for flying his rockets. This makes his father say something he’s never said before. In this scene he shows how bad he felt about his son and says, â€Å"Homer I’ve been confuse about you, I’ve been mad at you, but boy that is the fist time I’m shame of you I in my life. † Other contradiction for his father is the different accomplishment from his brother Jim. He succeeds as a football player by winning a scholarship. This is something that for his father’s eyes puts Homer in a disadvantage. This passage is reflected when he’s at his office and says â€Å"Were shouting off a rocket today, I though you might like to come and see it? † John replays, â€Å"I got to catch up on some work. † Then Homer looks straight at him and says, â€Å"how come you never have work when Jim plays football, you never miss a game? † Maggie has an insecure personality very different from her mother showing a conflict and maintaining a static relationship with her mother. In â€Å"Every Day Use† it’s a story narrated by a woman who describes her self as â€Å"a large, big-boned woman with rough, woman-working hands. She has enjoyed a rugged farming life in the country and now lives in a small, tin-roofed house surrounded by a clay yard in the middle of cow pasture and has two daughters, Maggie and Dee. Dee is very different from Maggie. She’s a smart girl who was send to Augusta School to study and become a knowledgeable woman. This is also described by her mother and says â€Å"She washed us in a river of make believe, burned us with a lot of knowledge we didn’t necessary need to know. † Before Dee seemed to hate her sister. After the house where both of the girls and her mother used to be live before. This incident created an immense impact on Maggie. What is Patriotism EssayDee said, â€Å"Maggie knows how to quilt† Quilting was tradition for her mother pass down generation by generation since the Civil War. Therefore Maggie’s mother knew she’s worked hard for them and reacted by telling Dee, â€Å"I promised to give the quilts to Maggie, for when she marries John Thomas. † Maggie proved to have respect for her mother and a lot of love. This was shown when she says to her mother â€Å"She can have them, Mama, I can still remember Grandma Dee without the quilts. † After leaving for so long with her mother she deserved those quilts. Instead of fighting for she didn’t mine her sister having them. This reply represented the respect she had for her mother and her ancestors; she didn’t require the quilt to remember who she was. Very differently from her sister, Dee who needed to have them hangs on the wall in order to remember her past. As ignorant, ugly as she was she always supported her mom. This affection changes the static relationship they had as mother and daughter. It also created a dynamic attitude towards her daughter. Her mother recognizes how meanful she really is for her by saying to Dee I promised to give the quilts to Maggie, for when she marries John Thomas. â€Å"When I looked at her something hit me in the top of my head and ran down to the soles of my feet. † In this part her mother has realized the real Maggie, she finish this by saying â€Å"This was the way she knew God to work. † Her mother’s last proof of affection was show when she says, â€Å"I did something I never had done before: hugged Maggie. † â€Å"October Sky† by Joe Johnston demonstrated the conflicts that John Hickam faced with his son Homer. Among these conflicts were the following: his devotion to rockets, becoming a coal miner, his father rejection and the differences among his brother. As well as â€Å"Every Day Use† by Alice Walker provided us a list of conflicts, which made Maggie and her mother relationship very static. Conflicts based on Maggie’s insecure, ignorant, differences form her sister that she reflected to her mother. Magpies gained her mother’s respect by showing support, understanding and respect to her culture, values and ancestors. Homer as well gained his father’s respect with effort, respect towards his dad, wining the science fair and becoming a scientist. Both of the kids change their parents point of view and their static relationship into a dynamic understanding and acceptance among themselves.

International Business Globalization free essay sample

The shipping costs are much less than it would be to perform these tasks in one country. This is called absolute advantage, where someone is great at one thing. With this in mind you will get a product that has the best resources available at the lowest cost, which is comparative advantage. Finally, specialization is where everyone is doing what they do best and pulling their resources together to make one incredible product. Q-2. Use the theory of comparative advantage to explain the way in which Logitech has configured its global operations. Why does the company manufacture in China and Taiwan, undertake basic Ramp;D in California and Switzerland, design products in Ireland, and coordinate marketing and operations from California? ANSW. Logitech is very brilliant when it comes to comparative advantage. It does basic Ramp;D work in Switzerland with 200 employees, its headquarters are in Fremont, California with 450 employees as well as some Ramp;D, the ergonomic designs are developed in Ireland, and the products are manufactured in Taiwan and China. We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Globalization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The comparative advantage is that it is the most cost effective to break up the business in many different countries that specialize in a certain job. Q-3. Who creates more value for Logitech, the 650 people it employs in Fremont and Switzerland, or the 4,000 employees at its Chinese factory? What are the implications of this observation for the argument that free trade is beneficial? ANSW. The 650 employees in Fremont, California and Switzerland create more value for Logitech. It is where all of the Ramp;D and designs are developed. The 4,000 employees of China add $3 to the Wanda product, which is almost nothing in comparison to the remaining $37. Free trade is beneficial because labour costs can be brought way down. O-4Why do you think the company decided to shift its corporate headquarters from Switzerland to Fremont? ANSW. America specializes in Ramp;D. The headquarters were moved because of the company’s global marketing, finance, and logistics operations. That is what Americans do best. O-5To what extent can Porter’s diamond help explain the choice of Taiwan as a major manufacturing site for Logitech? ANSWThere are four parts to Porter’s diamond: (1) factor of endowments, which is a nation’s position in factors of production such as skilled labor or the infrastructure necessary to compete in a given industry; (2) demand conditions, which is the nature of home demand for the industry’s product or service; (3) relating and supporting industries, which is the presence or absence of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive; (4) firm strategy, structure, and rivalry, which are the conditions governing how companies are created, organized, and managed and the nature of domestic rivalry. Taiwan’s factor of endowments was that it had a science-based Industrial Park in Hsinchu. The demand conditions were that the Taiwanese were already trained to deal with technology. The relating and supporting industries were that Taiwan was the best as building technology as the lowest cost. The firm strategy, structure, and rivalry were that Taiwan had no domestic rivalry; they provided the lowest cost. Q-6Why do you think China is now a favored location for so much high technology manufacturing activity? How will China’s increasing involvement in global trade help that country? How will it help the world’s developed economies? What potential problems are associated with moving work to China? ANSW Chinese labourers are some of the cheapest in the world. Even though the workers are not treated very well, they are starting to rise up and demand more wages. The increase in foreign trade for China has helped to increase their economy. The world’s developed economies will benefit because of the globalization of production. The potential problems are that Americans are losing jobs to foreign markets. Case 2 Q. what do you think are the economic benefit of liberalizing the EU energy market? Who stands to gain the most from liberalization? The economic benefits of liberalizing the EU energy are followings. First, greater efficiency leads to lower costs and prices, which is improving competitiveness. It is also crucial for companies that are competing in a more global market. As liberalization and the introduction of competition becomes more widespread across Europe this should lead to further efficiency gains, costs reductions and the potential for lower prices. A completely open European market will allow all consumers to benefit from the cheapest available sources of energy and will drive companies’ costs down based on economic scales. Second, it ensures a secure and stable energy supply in Europe. It can stimulate the competition between the energy companies and attracts more investments on the European internal energy network. For instance, when Russia and Ukraine â€Å"show off† their gas line’s time once more, the EU energy market is helpful in reducing Eastern European country energy supply risk such as Bulgarian and Hungary’s shortage of energy. Moreover, it increases the ability to fight with the Russian energy monopoly among their energy companies. In conclusion, competition ensures competitive prices. It is able to balance the issues of competition, energy security and environment protection in the EU energy market. For most industries, energy is essential to the cost base and competitiveness. The European industries compete internationally. Increase in energy costs cannot be transferred to customers without risking reduction in market share. Once EU’s energy market can be established, energy’s cost and the price will be dropped largely. The energy exporting country and the country of consumption will obtain the high income. 2. What are the implications of liberalization for energy producers in the EU? How will the environment they face change after liberalization? What actions will they have to take? ANSW: Implications: Replace the markets of its 27 member states with a single continent wide market for electricity and gas. The majority market shares would be acquired and dominated by a large single enterprise eg: Electric de France. Changes in environment after liberalization: There are a lot of acquisitions and mergers in the energy markets. Politicians and governments try to protect their firms from other competitions with regulations. Bigger firms will try to acquire firms in local country. Actions: Government would impose conditions to stop foreign companies from acquiring local companies. The local authorities would try to protect the local company advantages. 3. Why is the de-integration of large energy companies seen as such an important part of any attempt to liberalize the EU energy market? ANSW: I think that de-integration of the bigger companies will encourage the smaller companies to be more active and permit the market to be fair and equal. It could also increase affordability and dependability of the service by permitting new introduction of new operators within the energy market. Q-4 why do you think progress towards the liberalization of the EU energy market has been fairly slow so far? ANSW. May be this could be relevant For several years now the European Union, the largest regional trading block in the world, has been trying to liberalize its energy market, replacing the markets of its 27 member states with a single continent wide market for electricity and gas. The first phase of liberalization went into effect in June 2007. When fully implemented, the ability of energy producers to sell  electricity and gas across national borders will be improved, increasing competition. The road toward the creation of a single EU energy market, however, has been anything but easy. Many national markets are dominated by a single enterprise, often a former state owned utility. Electricity de France, for example, has an 87 percent share of that countrys electricity market. Injecting competition into such concentrated markets will prove difficult. To complicate matters, most of these utilities are vertically integrated, producing, transmitting, and selling power. These vertically integrated producers have little interest in letting other utilities use their transmission grids to sell power to end users, or in buying power from other producers. For the full benefits of competition to take hold, the EU recognizes that utilities need to be split into generation, transmission, and marketing companies so that the business of selling energy can be separated from the businesses of producing it and transmitting it. Only then, so the thinking goes, will independent power marketing companies be able to buy energy from the cheapest source, whether it is within national borders or else where in the EU, and resell it to consumers, thereby promoting competition. For now, efforts to mandate the disintegration of utilities are some way off. Indeed, in February 2007 national energy ministers from the different EU states rejected a call from the European Commission, the top competition body in the EU, to break apart utilities.

Cholera Disease Research Report Essays

Cholera Disease Research Report Essays Cholera Disease Research Report Essay Cholera Disease Research Report Essay Karla Obasi HEA 341 Disease Research Report December 9, 2010 CHOLERA Disease Defined Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that causes a large amount of watery diarrhea. Cholera is a bacterial disease (caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae) usually spread through contaminated water. The bacteria, which are found in fecal-contaminated food and water and in raw or undercooked seafood, produce a toxin that affects the intestines causing diarrhea, vomiting, and severe fluid and electrolyte loss. This overwhelming dehydration is the outstanding characteristic of the disease and is the main cause of death. Cholera has a short incubation period (two or three days) and runs a quick course. In untreated cases the death rate is high, averaging 50%, and as high as 90% in epidemics, but with effective treatment the death rate is less than 1%. Historical Perspective During 1883, cholera was epidemic in Egypt. A German physician and bacteriologist, Robert Koch traveled with a group of German colleagues from Berlin to Alexandria, Egypt in August, 1883. Following necropsies, they found a bacillus in the intestinal mucosa in persons who died of cholera, but not of other diseases. He reasoned that the bacillus was related to the cholera process, but was not sure if it was causal or consequential. He stipulated that the time sequence could only be resolved by isolating the organism, growing it in pure culture, and reproducing a similar disease in animals. He was not able to obtain such a pure culture, but did try to infect animals with choleraic material. None became infected. His thoughts and early findings were sent in a dispatch to the German government and shared with the German press. On January 7th 1884, Koch announced in a dispatch that he had successfully isolated the bacillus in pure culture. One month later he wrote again, stating that the bacillus was not straight like other bacilli, but a little bent, like a comma. Â   He also noted that the bacillus was able to proliferate in moist soiled linen or damp earth, and was susceptible to drying and weak acid solutions. Finally, e pointed out that the specific organisms were always found in patients with cholera but never in those with diarrhea from other causes, were relatively rare in early infection, but were extensively present in the characteristic rice water stools of advanced cholera patients. He was, however, still unable to reproduce the disease in animals, reasoning correctly that they are not susceptible. In May, 1884 Koch and his colleagues returned to Berlin where they were treated as n ational heroes. Epidemiology Cholera is a disease that occurs in low income regions of the world where sanitation, food and water hygiene are inadequate. Imported cases occasionally occur in travelers returning from endemic areas. In areas without clean water or sewage disposal (as may occur after natural disasters or in displaced populations in areas of conflict), cholera can spread quickly and have a case fatality rate of as high as 50% in vulnerable groups with limited medical care. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports the emergence of new strains of Vibrio cholerae which now predominates in parts of Africa and Asia, and the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant strains. Annual global figures (2009) reported to WHO included 221,226 cases and 4,946 deaths from 45 countries. The majority of cases (98%) were reported from Africa where an outbreak, that started in 2008 and lasted for almost a year, spread to South Africa and Zambia. By the end of July 2009, over 98,000 cases and 4,000 deaths were reported in this outbreak. Asia reported an 82% decrease in cases in 2009 compared to 2008, however, reports of acute watery diarrhea, many of which may be cholera, were not included. When cholera first appears in epidemic form in an unexposed population, it can affect all age groups. In contrast, in areas with high rates of endemic disease, most of the adult population have gained some degree of natural immunity because of illness or repeated asymptomatic infections. In this setting, the disease occurs primarily in young children, who are exposed to the organism for the first time, and in the elderly, who have lower gastric acid production and waning immunity. The poor are at greatest risk because hey often lack safe water supplies, are unable to maintain proper hygiene within the home, and may depend on street vendors or other unregulated sources for food and drink. Recent epidemiologic research suggests that an individuals susceptibility to cholera (and other diarrheal infections) is affected by their blood type: those with type O blood are the most susceptible, while those with type AB are the most resistant. Between these two extremes are the A and B blood ty pes, with type A being more resistant than type B. Signs and Symptoms Dry mucus membranes or mouth * Dry skin * Excessive thirst * Glassy or sunken eyes * Lack of tears * Lethargy * Low urine output * Nausea * Rapid dehydration * Abdominal cramps * Watery diarrhea * Rapid pulse * Vomiting The usual incubation period is 2 to 5 days, although it can be as short as several hours. Severe cholera is characterized by a sudden onset of profuse, watery diarrhea accompanied by nausea and vomiting. If left untreated, this can rapidly lead to serious dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and circulatory collapse. Over 50% of the most severe cases die within a few hours? with prompt, effective treatment, mortality is less than 1%. Cholera may be asymptomatic or mild in healthy individuals, with diarrhea as the only symptom. Etiology/Pathophysiology Most of the Vibrio cholerae bacteria in the contaminated water consumed by the host do not survive the highly acidic conditions of the human stomach. The few bacteria that do survive conserve their energy and store during the passage through the stomach by shutting down protein production. When the surviving bacteria exit the stomach and reach the small intestine, they need to propel themselves through the thick mucus that lines the small intestine to get to the intestinal wall where they can thrive. The bacteria start up production of the protein flagellin to make flagella so that they can propel themselves through the mucus of the small intestine. StoIn some animals, including vertebrates, echinoderms, insects and molluscs, the stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the alimentary canal which functions as the primary organ of the digestive tract. It is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication . The stomach is Once the cholera bacteria reach the intestinal wall, they do not need the flagella propellers to move any longer. The bacteria stop producing the protein flagellin, thus again conserving energy and nutrients by changing the mix of proteins which they manufacture in response to the changed chemical surroundings. On reaching the intestinal wall, Vibrio cholerae start producing the toxic proteins that give the infected person a watery diarrhea. This carries the multiplying new generations of the bacteria out into the drinking water of the next host if proper sanitation measures are not in place. Diagnostic Methods Cholera is diagnosed by the stool sample and it keeps out the bacteria, which can cause cholera. Cholera needs immediate action because of watery diarrhea, so the health centre can begin lack of fluids treatment before a final diagnosis is made. A number of tests have been performed to check cholera: * A doctor confirms a diagnosis of cholera by recovering the bacteria from fresh stool sample or from rectal swabs. A dark-field atomic test of fresh feces shows quick moving bacilli allows for a quick, cautious analysis. * Cholera can be established only by the separation of the contributory organism from the diarrheic stools of infected persons. Clinical symptoms are profuse watery diarrhea. Cholera cots, cots with openings to allow fecal output into a bucket, are used to measure volumes of stool loss and fluid repl acement needs. Lab tests include stool gram stain (gram negative rods) culture, dark field microscopy or stool PCR. People must begin treatment even before diagnostic work-up. Treatment Methods The objective of treatment is to replace fluid and electrolytes lost through diarrhea. Depending on your condition, you may be given fluids by mouth or through a vein (intravenous). Antibiotics may shorten the time you feel ill. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed an oral rehydration solution that is cheaper and easier to use than the typical intravenous fluid. This solution of sugar and electrolytes is now being used internationally. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) involves the replacement of fluids and electrolytes lost during an episode of diarrheal illness. Diarrheal illnesses are pervasive worldwide, and they have a particularly large impact in the developing world. Children under the age of five are the major victims and account for over 3 million deaths a year due to dehydration associated with diarrheal illness. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over one million deaths are prevented annually by ORT. An oral rehydration solution (ORS) is the cornerstone of this treatment. Between 90 and 95 percent of cases of acute, watery diarrhea can be successfully treated with ORT. Prognosis Most infections are not severe, with about 75% to 80% of infected people not showing any symptoms. These individuals continue to shed the bacteria back into the environment, potentially infecting others with the disease. Because of severe dehydration, fatality rates are very high (25% to 65%) when untreated, especially among infants, young children, older individuals and people with a compromised immune system. Death can occur with adults within hours of infection, but those who recover usually have long-term immunity against reinfection. Prevention and Control Methods The first cardinal rule in preventing cholera and other infectious diseases is routine hand washing. A safe and clean supply of water is the key to cholera prevention. Adequate chlorination of public water supplies and, in some cases, the distribution of chlorine tablets to households with instructions for their proper use are often effective measures. If chemical disinfection is not possible, people can be instructed to boil water before drinking it, but this may be difficult to accomplish, especially in poor countries where fuel may be expensive or unavailable. Measures for the prevention of cholera mostly consist of providing clean water and proper sanitation to populations who do not yet have access to basic services. Health education and good food hygiene are equally important. Communities should be reminded of basic hygienic behaviors, including the necessity of systematic hand-washing with soap after defecation and before handing food or eating, as well as safe preparation and conservation of food. Appropriate media, such as radio, television or newspapers should be involved in disseminating health education messages. Community and religious leaders should also be associated to social mobilization campaigns. Among people developing symptoms, 80% of episodes are of mild or moderate severity. The remaining 10%-20% of cases develop severe watery diarrhea with signs of dehydration. Once an outbreak is detected, the usual intervention strategy aims to reduce mortality ideally below 1% by ensuring access to treatment and controlling the spread of disease. To achieve this, all partners involved should be properly coordinated and those in charge of water and sanitation must be included in the response strategy. Recommended control methods, including standardized case management, have proven effective in reducing the case-fatality rate. The main tools for cholera control are: * proper and timely case management in cholera treatment centers * specific training for proper case management, including avoidance of nosocomial infections * sufficient pre-positioned medical supplies for case management (e. g. iarrheal disease kits) * improved access to water, effective sanitation, proper waste management and vector control * enhanced hygiene and food safety practices; improved communication and public information Today, no country requires proof of cholera vaccination as a condition for entry and the International Certificate of Vaccination no longer provides a specific space for recording cholera vaccinations. The International Health Regulatio ns do not provide a legal basis for countries to require travelers to have proof of cholera vaccination as reference to uch requirements was removed from the Regulations in 1973. WHO does not consider that proof of vaccination plays any useful role in preventing the international spread of cholera and therefore represents an unnecessary interference with international travel. Bibliography 1. Lam C, Octavia S, Reeves P, et al. Evolution of seventh cholera pandemic and origin of 1991 epidemic, Latin America. Emergence of Infectious Diseases. 2010. 2. World Health Organization. Cholera, 2009. Weekly Epidemiology. 2010. 3. World Health Organization. Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper. Weekly Epidemiology. 2010. who. int/cholera/en/index. html 4. World Health Organization. Fact sheet 107: June 2010. Cholera. Available at: who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index. html 5. Health Protection Agency. Foreign Travel associated Illness in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: 2007 report. London: Health Protection Agency? 2007 6. Wittlinger F, Steffen R, Watanabe H, Handszuh H. Risk of cholera among Western and Japanese travelers. Journal of Medical Travel. 995. 7. Morger H, Steffen R, Schar M. Epidemiology of cholera in travelers, and conclusions for vaccination recommendations. British Medical Journal. 1983. 8. Heymann DL, editor. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 18th ed. Washington: American Public Health Association. 2004. 9. Hill DR, Ford L and Lalloo, DG. Oral cholera vaccines: use in clinical practice. Lancet Infectious Research Journal. 2006. 10. Salisbury D, Ramsay M, Noakes K. , eds. Immunization against infectious diseases. Department of Health. 3rd ed. London. 2006.